Chapter (10)
New Sources of Power
For the use of man kind, power has been obtained for many years from firewood and similar fliels, air, flowing current of water, etc., After the 18th or before the 19th century; coal was used for driving steam engines. when the 20th centui~y was ushered ill man first discovered the petroleum power from crude oil and began to use petroleum oil driving engines.
The oil and coal supplies are not inexhaustible; nature cannot supply oil and coal as much as man requires for all the time.
It is true that the power obtained from the air and the flowing current of water is inexhaustible. But it is not easy to use air power, because as soon as the wind stops blowing power stops
coming from the air.
It is easier to use water power; It can be converted into electric power. But we have to use very costly wires of great length to get it (power) sent to long distant places where electricity is
required.
hat we really need is a kind ofpower which is never short of supply This kind of power is nuclear reactor. Many of us are under the impression that nuclear reactor can be used for driving engines. But the mere fact of nuclear split is not dynamic power so it cannot be used as a substitute in place of the power used to
drive steam engines motor engine, etc.
Nuclear split gives us only heat just as we get power by giving heat from cool oil, petroleum, fire-wood and other fliels. We used to get power from the steam engine driven by hot boiling water.
In any case, there is defect in the use of nuclear energy also. Construction of nuclear power station entails heavy expenses; it is much more heavier than the cost of power supply from coal, oil. current of river or sea water. Besides all this there is a danger sometimes from a kind of nuclear radiation that causes human death. It is necessary, therefore, to take special precaution agan’~Ay mischap in building a nuclear reactor or a nuclear power station. A nuclear reactor is used only for a ship so far; it cannot be used as petrol tank in an air or road transport vehiele. One of the complaints against the nuclear power by ordinary con
sumers is that it cannot be cost.
The first nuclear power station of the world started supplying electric power in 1956 only. Since then the nuclear energy has become most useflil to the nations of science and technology and those of mechanical development. It will be a long time to come for the underdeveloped nations to be able to use nuclear energy, because science and technical aids and huge capital investments
are required for nuclear energy production.
For adequate power supply at a low cost without having recourse to storage of fliels, installation of wind mills is necessary., For many years oldmodelled wind-mills were used for agricufture in Denmark and Netherland. During the second world war wind-mills on a new model were built for power supply in the German-Nasi
occupied Europe where mills and factories had usp ended work due
to shortage of coal and oil. For the present many countries of the world’s continents, which are not able to build mills and
factories are making farm implements.
The other source of inexhaustible energy which is very useful to consumers is the sun. This is the fire power from the sun heat which we can get if we place a sheet of glass in the sun rays.
The amount of heat that can be obtained from an agricutural land in England in a hot summer day is equal to the amount of heat obtained from burning three tons of coaL It may be computed that the amount ofheat that can be given by the sun to the entire world in one year is nearly equal to the amount of heat obtained by burning 400,00O,000,000,000, 000,000,000 tons of coal, from which it will be seen that the sun is able to give more heat than what we can get from the entire coal and oil supply of the whole world.
if you hang up a flat sheet of metal often feet square in length at a place 20 miles above the earth surface, you can get from it every minute the sun’s heat equivalent to two calories. One
calorie is called one unit of heat. A calorie of sun’s heat can add one degree of heat to one gram of water. if you keep one square mille of a flat sheet of metal in place often feet square the amount of heat you canget from it will increase to 5,000.000,
horse power.
The desert regions of Africa and America as well as those near the Equador are the places which afford better opportunity to extract energy from the sun. In the hot regions the of heat we can get from an area of one mile square will be equal to the amount of heat we get from our burning of 7,400 tons of coal. In the Sahara areas, the amount of heat we get a day will be equal to the amount of the
heat we get by burning 6,000, million tons of coal.
If you want to use sun 5 energy as electrical power, you must catch sun rays and keep them in a storage. For this puirose you will have to make devices to catch the rays from the sun.
Several kinds of stoves have been made to cook food with sun rays. The Government of India is very much interested in these sun ray cooking stoves as the problem of cooking will be solved in these days of acute shortage of firewood and lack of electric supply in the villages. A large number of stoves is being produced for the Government of India to distribute cooking stoves at 5~each.
Although it has not yet been possible to produce electric power from sunrays on a large scale of practical economy, it is being done on a small experimental scale for certain purposes. Heat from the sun rays is used to shoot space exploration devices to the carth’s orbit and satellites to the planets for planetary exploration. Electrical batteries are used as storage of electric
power obtained by the small scale C producers.
We can use quite properly sun-ray batteries of various types for space explration. One of the variety contains several hundred thin sheets of silicon, each of which is smaller than the razor
blade.
Silicon is a kind of metal which, when heated, produces a little of electric power. Silicon sheets are stiched together with tiny wires so that the sun rays get into the battery carried aboard a spaceship or satellite when it is turning round. Then the heat from the sun gives out electric power to the radio broadcast or receiver.The other method to extract electric energy from the sun rays is the use of photo-electric cells. A photo-electric cell contains a kind of element like silinium which cannot sustain light. if you keep a thin silinium film on the electric tube and give light to it ~ectrons will come out of sillnium and flow down as electric energy. if you collect these cells and give ~ mile of photo-electric cells so that you will get a fair amount of electric power from a suitable electric power station.
The Maserchusette Engineering Institute has discovered a new technique for production of fliels from hydrogen and oxygen obtained by drying water in the hot sun. This shows that one day the sun heat will be used for driving motor vehicles with water. and scientists have found it rather hard to solve the problem of extracting electric power from the ocean and sea waves It is true that the force of the waves that strikes a sea beach carries a
kind of energy.
Shall have to see whether it really deserves a test or no
Every endeavour has been made to get electric power from the heat of volcanoes. But none of the tests made proves less expensive.
We have all over the world 45,000 torrential rainfalls on the average every day, and therefore, there are 1,800 torrential rains in 24 hours at a plac~, from which you will see that there
are 360,000 n;1~s at the rate of 6,000 per minute.
ectrical power Engineers are very much interested in the work for extracting electric power from lightning. Experiments have been carried out but none has proved a success as yet The great difficufty lies in the fact that lightn~~~~ rarely stiikes a place twice on earth, so it is ahnost impossibl~ to gather all th~lightnings that stiike on our earth.We can get natural
electricity for practical use from lom motor. We are given to understand that this technique is quite good for fliture long distance space travels. TV is the best to demonstrate the EMF of Io~m. ‘Ilusing a very powerfill electrical force minute atomic particles called io~I~~i will come out and get moving about. if you then direct the passages of the particles to the back on the screen.When the iollms thus come out pushing across the hole at the back of the screen, the force of the pushing from the hole causes the engine to tuin round to the front so that the spaceship(attached to it) makes a move forward to depart. It is the same as an ordinary rocket or jet plane is pushing off
Then we have plasma motor that gives us energy for use
practical space travels. Plasmas give us a very powerful
reaction. ~lasma motor is a ~~At tha are ~ people living in the world at present; the number is increasing ev ry~bieral millions. China increases its population by i~~olij~e~cry yearjIndi~by 6 million;Russia by 31/2 million; t~. S. 2~nyi~i~on~ etc. Acco
forecast issued by r~~iierican ~opulation e, the present number of the world’s population will dou le in the year 2,000. The year 2,OOOis not very far off from now. ifwe count starting from now the children of to-day will become adults in 2,000. if the world’s
population continues to grow at the present rate, 500 years later each 4~(‘~ person will have on the average only five square feet of land to_~e~the world. Despite the alarming increase of the world’slopulation, the area of arable land avail¾ble for growing food for the entire ppopulation remains as it was originally. According to the statistics:~ compiled by the FA~ of the UN the number of people having no adequate food is between the half and onejihird of the total of the world’s population, i.e., 3000 million out of which 300 to 500 million people are suffering from
malnutrition and the resultant diseases.;
The malnutrition suffered by millions ofbabies at arms in africa a worse form of social evil. It looks as if the poor babies
had been deprived of their mothers’ milk. They are ciying hoarse forr mother’s milk. Their headhairs have gone grey due to
malnutrition; their hands and legs have become emanciated due to infantile~paralysis and their stomachs have protruded due to ~icky food given to them. Malnutrition is due to lack of protein, and the lack of protein is the cause of the At~hort~ span of life of 40 years on the avera~e in the under-developed countries, which is
too short if with 70 years in ~ 4~
What has science been doing to help supply sufficient food to the existing population and what is it going to do to prevent starvation from the population of 6,000 million in the year 2000. While science is exploring the space the world peoples are dying of sta~ation. While millions of babies are undergoing agonies of malnutrition and diseases, the developed countries of science and technology have wasted thousands ofmillion in pound in competition with one anot~er for proliferation of world destroying nuclear weapons. The world will be confronted with the 6,000- million-population problem in about 30 years from now. v~hat is most important for us is ability t(~ produce food sufficient for the coming world population of 2,(}0O ~ million in the year 2000. What we are required to do for the benefit of the entire mankind is to have an inteinational agreement for getting food supply from the deep sea water and oceans. We must see that this intenational agreement is designed not for the economic development of
individual countriess but for the common welfare of all the
nations of the world.
AlTangements have been made, it is learnt to tuin the world
fishing industry into a improve’food production and nutritive
essence.Th~~~1 help
To improve the world’s food production it is not necessary to implement new expensive projects.The Sahara and other expensive new projects in the desert regions for cukivatio~~ food crop with water from irrigation canals are not necessary before the existing arable lands are all put on cukivation. Food products and livestocks p’roduced from the costly projects are not very cheap and consumers of the low income brackets will not be a~e to ~fford
costly food.
The following are four points to ensure regular supply of food which is most beneficial, economical, nutritious at the same tune and contain the steadily increasing population of the world; (1) protectionagainst pest,insects and mushrooming ofwild grasses and plants; (2) Rain of any other kind ofwater supply; (3) and (4) Increased meat supply from farm cattle of other livestocks and the beat possible utilization of agricultural lands. Now, let us see what the science is doing to flilfil these four points 9
It is true that food cuftivation is growing in popularity all over the woi4d now-a-days. But the rich and fertile agricuftur~ lands in the thickly populatded cities of Europe in general and Britain in particular are now filled ~th ~ residential buildings due to
the increase of mills and factories.
It is encouraging to learn that a new method of good growing without the use of earth soil, which is called’ hydroponic’ in Greek meaning “work by water” which has been tried out in India and ~ahara is proving quite a success. It is not, however, very easy to grow food crops with water alone and without the use of earth soil. Some of the farmers have now adopted hydroponic
farming (oil chemical water cuftivation) for growing wheat, rice a corn on shelves. A shelf is made of iron rods and bars, six ~e~tin~eight and eight square feet in diameter. It contains six storeys and produpes 200 lb~rops daily to feed 20 head of cattle of 100 p~gs for a period of one year. Cattle fodder grown with chemical water is rich with nutritive essence a~d less expensive.
India will have a population of 500,000,000 in 20 years’ time from now, and if no steps are taken to improve its billion acres of new lands and if no steps are taken to improve its billion acres of new lands and produce more, there is little hope for the fliture population pf India to enjoy sufficient amount of food.
Now that India has introduced the new method of hydroponic farming wjh chemical watel; it will be able to overcome the problem oftood shortage almost every year. There are nowvery good prospects
tiontofed the growing poj,ul~fth for increased food world aufficiently}o’~ food’ ~ in the regions of the wo~~£w~e t~nature(climate) is not always favourable to living creatures
including man.
Weather Forecast and control.
We notice that in human affairs weather is a dominating factor. In England a rough weather in winter causes blockade of rail, road and au~Lransport disrupting building construction programmae and commumcation in the villages. In a hot summer shorta~ge of water causes widespread diseases. Weather used to give us trouble in connection with the world’s food supply Heavy rains cause damages to foo d~opsin some regions and shortage of rains destroy food J’ngsmorner;[eg1ons.The most important problem for food growers is to have suit( weather at a suitable time for them to grow food
for the growing population of the world.
Meteorologists believe that there is a certain kind of chemicals that generates rains. One of the most effective chemicals to generate rains from vap ours in rain clouds is silver iodide This chemical has a special element to gether around it bits of ice. the other chemical is carbondineoxide which is also called
dry ice. It cools vapour much better thai}~~4odide does.
It is really encouraging that meteorogists are now giving more and more attention to control ofweather so that adequate water supply
is available for food growing.
In 1960 there was a long drought in one of the hot and dry sports in westerm Australia when a plane load of technicians from the Australian science& Technology were sent to make rains from clouds with no 1 . A sim~ilar action was taken in 1961 when there were acute shortages of rain California and other Pacific coasts of
the U.S.
In some desert regions there are no rain clouds from which we could get rains; but there is saft water from the sea. ffwe cook or boil this saft water we get good clean water for man to drink and to use for growing food. But this experiment is very costly, so science is now adopting a new techique of low cost. Saft water is drawn through a pipe line into trays-kept inside a structure which looks like a be~~ hive with metal walls. The sun burns this be~hive th~ whole day so that the water in the trays gets heated
and becomes vapour free from salt.
Sometimes food growers have heavy rains, too heavy for their crops to grow properly. This usually happens at harvest time. Farmers
over the world are now very glad to hear that scientists are now able to stop rain where and when it is not wanted. Experiments on
this made in many countries are proving a success.
In Norway heavy rains from the moving clouds overthe hills caused e~ensive damages along the coastal areas.Experiments on how to reduce rainfall have been made for many years. The best thing is to generate rains from the clouds while the latter are still over
the hills.
The first artificial dew was made in 1948in the laboratory of American Prof mcent Shephard the professors dew making machine looks like a nice box for storage and display of various articles of food that are likely to become frigid quickly as curds. This shows that man is now in a position to make artificial dews.
Following this experiment the Agricuftural Department of the Govrment of the USA introduced a techinque to bring down dew clouds before moving awya to fall down as rainns on a certain farm land. The repeated experiments of this kind in C~ada and the USA are the indication that it is now possible to prevent undersirable snow-
storms from becomeing dangerous weather in the near future.
In any case, the scientists have also discovered a much more better and less expensive technique to protect plants and fruits from the danger ofdews without requfring chemical acid~s required for this purpose is a helicoptor. This technique tried out for the first time in California by orange planters is~aid to have proved
a success.
In England helicoptors are used freely to minimise extensive damages to cherry plantations b~eavy rains. Cherry planters ~ use helicoptors to fly low over their cherry gardens so that that rains are driven away by the wind from the cherry plantations.
It will be seen, therefore, that with the gradual appearance, one after another, ofnew tedhniques the problem ofweather forecast and control has become a pure scientific subject. Definite weather forecasts are now obtained from the date collected from the upper atmosphere and other distant places of the world. As a matter of fact, we have now known that we are living several miles deep down the bottom of the air-ocean and that the weather on the surface of
the Qertli depends upon the changes in the upper atmosphere.
The entire subject of weather forecast has been revolutionized with the introduction of a mete~ological device called Radio Sundi invented by a Frenchman. It has a bailx~~attached to weather ~marking in~ruments~While the ball is moving in the atmosphere Its weather marking instruments take note of the thermometer, air pressure changes, etc, and the radio transmitter sends automatic
signals to the Meteorological Department on earth.
In 1961 the US Government in~eda department ofMeteorological Survey Satellites to check up weather forecast data recorded with meteorlogical devices carried aboard a satellite orbiting around
the earth.
The first satellite “Tyrod” set offto the earth orbit in 1961 to take photographs of ~oudy sky. These potographs were sent to the Weather forecast &Control Dept.,on earth, for drawing maps of
cloud formations.
Dat~ reports sent back to earth are very useflil for tracing
torms. In 1961 the Tyrod Satellite found out the direction taken by Hurricans Istha and made a report in time as a resuft of which
mages caused by the hurricane were very slight. The same satellite was able to report about 20 storms and cyclones, big and small, within six months, in the pacific and Atlantic oceans in the
summer.
Thus meterologi~s used to receive most valuable information about the upper layer of atmosphere from the meteorological survey satellites. They have also received information about the nature and widespread formations of dews and ice, about the ~ variety of
storms, etc.
The other important information received from the satellite broadcast is about are formation of masses of ice and icebergs floating in the seas. Satellite broadcast reports about floating icebergs and masses of ice are most invaluable for ships going across the North
Atlantic. It has ~ phen~menaI world to provide oil, coal, timber, minerals, metals and other raw materials our civilization is ever dependent upon. Nature has for countless number of years produced mineral products enough for our daily use. There still remains in the earth an a bundant s~pply of fliels and minerals we are using incressingly day by day using increasingly day
by day has need.
Since the beginning of the 19th century man minerals in hugh quantities unbeard of in the annals of the human history. It is true that coal, oil and other minerals are still available from our earth, but it is not proper for man to use up all the res~s in one day as it has taken a number of aeons for Nature to make these
resources available for man. Givilized man’s desire for raw material will never cease. Due to the shortage of raw matei~~~als all over the world, the preces have gone very high. The cost of production and transport has also 15~metreendous. There is, however a variety of raw materials to be found along the sea coasts and islands of the world’s countinents, we can find them in a large qu~~ several thousand times larger than those we have found in the dried lands of the world. The sea is rich with raw materials. It is a large treasure house of man from which he can get what
he needs for the present as well as for the future.
If we talk about the riches of the sea most of the people only think of fishing; they do not know that sea is rich more with minerals than with fish.The other thing that you may remember when talking about the sea is saft. You are sure to get saft if you boil sea water. But, if you diagnose saft you will find that it consists of all kinds of elemants found on earth. Let us now see what the sea wather comprises:-60 cubic inch of sea water contains 1 cubic inch of gas;2/3 of this gas is oxygen;2/3 ofit is nitrogen; 1/50 is carbondioxide. The entire compound of all these g~s~s is
nothing but the air we are breathing.
But, what is most important for us to know is the contents or the
sea water. That these contents are most useflil will be proved by man one day. Please see the table below which shows a few of the
ingridients of the sea water:
Soild
Salt (Ordinary) 27.2 77
Magnesium Chloride 3.8 10
Magnesium Sulphate 1.6 4
Gypsum (calcium sulphate 1.2 3
Potassium sulphate 0.8 2
Magnesium bromide 0.06 2
Chalk (calcium carbonate) 0.02 2
Besides all the aboved, nickel, lead, iron, sinc, copper, cobalt, magnese and all other known chemical and metals are found. This is not to be wondered at if you remember that thousands of rivers have eroded all the pieces of land they came scross and carried
them away to the sea.
Ifyou get sea water boild and dried you will have gold at the t~tte of one dust of gold for every 200,000 dusts of saft. Roughly speaking, we get half a ponny worth of gold from a ton (or one cubic yard) of sea wattier This must be a real gold mine like one ofthose in bouth Afric~. The same ratio of output is expected in
the case of other minerals from sea water.
Of course, half a penny worth of gold or any other metals or iron is not very much important, but what you think of it when we get about 200,000 worth ofgold from 60,000 tons (or one cubic mile) of
sea water all over the world.
Gold is a rare metal, much more enchanting than other precious articles ofpropeity. if the gold supply from the lend ceases, we
still can get it from the sea.
It may be noted that every cubic mile of sea water contains the
following together with other chemicals and metals.:-
Salt 117000,000 tons.
Bromide 285,000 tons.
Magnesium 5,920,000 tons.
Iodine 192 tons
Iron 8,500 tons
Strontium 6,000 tons
Potassium 4 tons
Silver 100 tons
Copper 600 tons
Every cubic mile of sea water contams saft and che~solid chemicals worth about 2000 millions ‘therefore the total value of the sea warter pro~ts all over the world will come to 720, 000,000,000,000,000. The technicians of the chemistry have already extracted from the oceans of the world several kinds of chemical products invisible to the maked eye; but to extract more of these and other sea pro~ucts trom the bottom of the ocean or sea more efficiency and skill are required. Several tons of oil and charcoal are required to get boiled and dried one subic mile of sea water (or 60,000 million tons of sea water). We are sure that all the available oil and charcoal of the entire world will be consumed in getting even a little portion of water from the oceans. The best possible solution in this matter is nuclear energy which is the only practical substitute for oil and charcoaL
So far we have not touched the great treasure house of the sea, except a few ofits products. In any case, the succesaflil exi4ction of magnessium indicates that scientific exploration of the sea will prove a sound economy. One cubic mile of sea water contains 4 million tons ofmagnessium. Ill about 1930 magnessium was in
demand in the world markets as it was very useflil in building
aircraft body and in making space weaponary.
To-day the US is one of the few countries producing raw materials from the sea water. It has four fectories at. Texes using sea water as raw materials. The only other place which produces solid mass of minerals from sea water is the Dead sea which is 340 square miles in area and 1300 feet deep at the most and rich with saft and other minerals. A recent official test shows that the sea water ofDead sea contains 22,000,000,000 tons of megnesium
chloride, 11,000,000,000 tons of sodium chloride, 6, 000,000,000 tons ofcalcium chloride, 2,000,000,000 tons poteasium chloride
and 980,000,000 tons of magnesium bromide.
Of all the raw materials available from the ocean for the
present magnesium bromide and saft are the only two that could fetch some sort of profit; the remainlng are obtainable at~’overhead
expen~ from the lands.
From the econonmic point of view, mainesinm oxide is the best possible mineral are lying at the bottom of the sea. A solid mass of magnese consists of magnedine oxide 32~iron oxide, 22(~~ silicondine oxide 19%, a little of alluminium oxide, magnesium, calcium, carbonade and a lesser amount of coboft, copper, i~Mi·jnickel, zine, etc. The place where magnesium is found in proflision, together with the other minceals in lesser quantities, as described above, is 500 miles from the North and Sout~ American coasts and 2,000,000 square miles in area. The pac~~th-East is rich with copper and nickel. ft has an area of 14,000,000 square miles. The middle of the pacific is rich with cobolt and
magness.
Apart from the ~h~micals and mineral ores contained in the solid masses of magness, the red mud covering an area of about 40,000,000 square miles at the bottom of the ocean is also rich with chemicals and minerals. A chemical test of this mud shows that it contains silicon 50%, alluminium oxide 20%,iron oxide 13%, calcium carbonade 7%, and nickel, copper, v~n~~~um and coboft. Al-though the copper content ofthe ~nly 2%, it is ten times more than the percentage of the copper content ofthe earth on the land. ft is supposed that the red mud coverage is about 300 feet in thickness. ffwe could extract these raw umaterials at less expense and use them at the present rate of world’s consumption, they would
last about 1,000,000 years.
The other treasure house at the bottom of the ocean bed is a muddy swamp containing silicon, which is about 11,000,000 square miles
in area at the bottom of the pacific Ocean.
There are iron dusts and nic1{~~ ~ raw materials lying scattered in the muddy swamps all along the world’s ~ ocean floors for
several million years by now.
Another valuable treasure of the ocean is phosph~ ate which contains 35% of phosphorus pentoxide which is used in the
of fertilizer.
If we have time and opportunity in the near fliture to extract chemical and mineral ores from the sea water or from the bottom of the ocean the required power supply for the entire world within the 5000 million years from the Mediterranean Sea. From one day’s flowextr~~gh of water from Thames River we can power to run every mill, every factory and every vehicle, every;da)thout
interruption for a period of at least ten years.
It is not wisliflil thinking. Britain has already int~uced small projects to produce power from sea wa ch contains atomic particle~ and hydrogen. An ordinary hydrogen is quite different from drutiriu~ which contains a large amount ?~ hydrogen dr~iirium has a proton with a nucleus and an additi~al neutron. Diutirium is plentiflil; it almost aways appears on the mass of sea water. One gramme of it
can be extracted as gas from five gallon of water.
If the great project to produce energy from diut~~proves a ~uccess, we can rest assured that unii~ted amount of power will be ~ to every person very cheaply Every household will have
sufficient smount of heat for the whole winter from the diut~rium
energy contained in a cup of sea water in addition to cooking of
food for the whole year.
The world’s drut~rium output will never be exhausted, because every drop of sea water contains this element. The amout of
drutirium energy contained in 1000 gallons of crude oil is
contained _ gallon sea The ~Othe~m one of water.Energy is that the fii~i~fti~of it d~t~um~~energy) does ~~not ~ ~ to the very om heavy ~ ~ ~e hold~o~od le Let us now look to the our enough there of diseurron ievipanaua meditation.]}magga,phala and Nibbana
and show you how to realize Nirodha Sacca (i.e. cessation of craving and extinction of suffering of all kinds), or how to orientate our mind to Nibbana by developing vipassana Nana
(Insight Knowledge.)
I think I have already referred previously in these columus to
the foundation of Mindfiiiness of the Maha Satipatthana
Sutta for development of Vipassana Nana because, as we all know, Buddha himself has given the promise in unmistakable that a bhikkhu, who practises the fourfold foundation of Mindfulness with a
thorough understanding of the dynamic process of nature for a week at least or for seven years the most, will become a fully
enlightened Arahat (saint) here and now or an Anagami (Once
Returner) if he cannot totally destroy the powerful force of Upadana (Clinging orbinds circle grasping) which is the main~~~in~t tt~A’attt {‘L1~ ~ of sucessive births and deaths, known as Samsara.
****************
New Sources of Power
For the use of man kind, power has been obtained for many years from firewood and similar fliels, air, flowing current of water, etc., After the 18th or before the 19th century; coal was used for driving steam engines. when the 20th centui~y was ushered ill man first discovered the petroleum power from crude oil and began to use petroleum oil driving engines.
The oil and coal supplies are not inexhaustible; nature cannot supply oil and coal as much as man requires for all the time.
It is true that the power obtained from the air and the flowing current of water is inexhaustible. But it is not easy to use air power, because as soon as the wind stops blowing power stops
coming from the air.
It is easier to use water power; It can be converted into electric power. But we have to use very costly wires of great length to get it (power) sent to long distant places where electricity is
required.
hat we really need is a kind ofpower which is never short of supply This kind of power is nuclear reactor. Many of us are under the impression that nuclear reactor can be used for driving engines. But the mere fact of nuclear split is not dynamic power so it cannot be used as a substitute in place of the power used to
drive steam engines motor engine, etc.
Nuclear split gives us only heat just as we get power by giving heat from cool oil, petroleum, fire-wood and other fliels. We used to get power from the steam engine driven by hot boiling water.
In any case, there is defect in the use of nuclear energy also. Construction of nuclear power station entails heavy expenses; it is much more heavier than the cost of power supply from coal, oil. current of river or sea water. Besides all this there is a danger sometimes from a kind of nuclear radiation that causes human death. It is necessary, therefore, to take special precaution agan’~Ay mischap in building a nuclear reactor or a nuclear power station. A nuclear reactor is used only for a ship so far; it cannot be used as petrol tank in an air or road transport vehiele. One of the complaints against the nuclear power by ordinary con
sumers is that it cannot be cost.
The first nuclear power station of the world started supplying electric power in 1956 only. Since then the nuclear energy has become most useflil to the nations of science and technology and those of mechanical development. It will be a long time to come for the underdeveloped nations to be able to use nuclear energy, because science and technical aids and huge capital investments
are required for nuclear energy production.
For adequate power supply at a low cost without having recourse to storage of fliels, installation of wind mills is necessary., For many years oldmodelled wind-mills were used for agricufture in Denmark and Netherland. During the second world war wind-mills on a new model were built for power supply in the German-Nasi
occupied Europe where mills and factories had usp ended work due
to shortage of coal and oil. For the present many countries of the world’s continents, which are not able to build mills and
factories are making farm implements.
The other source of inexhaustible energy which is very useful to consumers is the sun. This is the fire power from the sun heat which we can get if we place a sheet of glass in the sun rays.
The amount of heat that can be obtained from an agricutural land in England in a hot summer day is equal to the amount of heat obtained from burning three tons of coaL It may be computed that the amount ofheat that can be given by the sun to the entire world in one year is nearly equal to the amount of heat obtained by burning 400,00O,000,000,000, 000,000,000 tons of coal, from which it will be seen that the sun is able to give more heat than what we can get from the entire coal and oil supply of the whole world.
if you hang up a flat sheet of metal often feet square in length at a place 20 miles above the earth surface, you can get from it every minute the sun’s heat equivalent to two calories. One
calorie is called one unit of heat. A calorie of sun’s heat can add one degree of heat to one gram of water. if you keep one square mille of a flat sheet of metal in place often feet square the amount of heat you canget from it will increase to 5,000.000,
horse power.
The desert regions of Africa and America as well as those near the Equador are the places which afford better opportunity to extract energy from the sun. In the hot regions the of heat we can get from an area of one mile square will be equal to the amount of heat we get from our burning of 7,400 tons of coal. In the Sahara areas, the amount of heat we get a day will be equal to the amount of the
heat we get by burning 6,000, million tons of coal.
If you want to use sun 5 energy as electrical power, you must catch sun rays and keep them in a storage. For this puirose you will have to make devices to catch the rays from the sun.
Several kinds of stoves have been made to cook food with sun rays. The Government of India is very much interested in these sun ray cooking stoves as the problem of cooking will be solved in these days of acute shortage of firewood and lack of electric supply in the villages. A large number of stoves is being produced for the Government of India to distribute cooking stoves at 5~each.
Although it has not yet been possible to produce electric power from sunrays on a large scale of practical economy, it is being done on a small experimental scale for certain purposes. Heat from the sun rays is used to shoot space exploration devices to the carth’s orbit and satellites to the planets for planetary exploration. Electrical batteries are used as storage of electric
power obtained by the small scale C producers.
We can use quite properly sun-ray batteries of various types for space explration. One of the variety contains several hundred thin sheets of silicon, each of which is smaller than the razor
blade.
Silicon is a kind of metal which, when heated, produces a little of electric power. Silicon sheets are stiched together with tiny wires so that the sun rays get into the battery carried aboard a spaceship or satellite when it is turning round. Then the heat from the sun gives out electric power to the radio broadcast or receiver.The other method to extract electric energy from the sun rays is the use of photo-electric cells. A photo-electric cell contains a kind of element like silinium which cannot sustain light. if you keep a thin silinium film on the electric tube and give light to it ~ectrons will come out of sillnium and flow down as electric energy. if you collect these cells and give ~ mile of photo-electric cells so that you will get a fair amount of electric power from a suitable electric power station.
The Maserchusette Engineering Institute has discovered a new technique for production of fliels from hydrogen and oxygen obtained by drying water in the hot sun. This shows that one day the sun heat will be used for driving motor vehicles with water. and scientists have found it rather hard to solve the problem of extracting electric power from the ocean and sea waves It is true that the force of the waves that strikes a sea beach carries a
kind of energy.
Shall have to see whether it really deserves a test or no
Every endeavour has been made to get electric power from the heat of volcanoes. But none of the tests made proves less expensive.
We have all over the world 45,000 torrential rainfalls on the average every day, and therefore, there are 1,800 torrential rains in 24 hours at a plac~, from which you will see that there
are 360,000 n;1~s at the rate of 6,000 per minute.
ectrical power Engineers are very much interested in the work for extracting electric power from lightning. Experiments have been carried out but none has proved a success as yet The great difficufty lies in the fact that lightn~~~~ rarely stiikes a place twice on earth, so it is ahnost impossibl~ to gather all th~lightnings that stiike on our earth.We can get natural
electricity for practical use from lom motor. We are given to understand that this technique is quite good for fliture long distance space travels. TV is the best to demonstrate the EMF of Io~m. ‘Ilusing a very powerfill electrical force minute atomic particles called io~I~~i will come out and get moving about. if you then direct the passages of the particles to the back on the screen.When the iollms thus come out pushing across the hole at the back of the screen, the force of the pushing from the hole causes the engine to tuin round to the front so that the spaceship(attached to it) makes a move forward to depart. It is the same as an ordinary rocket or jet plane is pushing off
Then we have plasma motor that gives us energy for use
practical space travels. Plasmas give us a very powerful
reaction. ~lasma motor is a ~~At tha are ~ people living in the world at present; the number is increasing ev ry~bieral millions. China increases its population by i~~olij~e~cry yearjIndi~by 6 million;Russia by 31/2 million; t~. S. 2~nyi~i~on~ etc. Acco
forecast issued by r~~iierican ~opulation e, the present number of the world’s population will dou le in the year 2,000. The year 2,OOOis not very far off from now. ifwe count starting from now the children of to-day will become adults in 2,000. if the world’s
population continues to grow at the present rate, 500 years later each 4~(‘~ person will have on the average only five square feet of land to_~e~the world. Despite the alarming increase of the world’slopulation, the area of arable land avail¾ble for growing food for the entire ppopulation remains as it was originally. According to the statistics:~ compiled by the FA~ of the UN the number of people having no adequate food is between the half and onejihird of the total of the world’s population, i.e., 3000 million out of which 300 to 500 million people are suffering from
malnutrition and the resultant diseases.;
The malnutrition suffered by millions ofbabies at arms in africa a worse form of social evil. It looks as if the poor babies
had been deprived of their mothers’ milk. They are ciying hoarse forr mother’s milk. Their headhairs have gone grey due to
malnutrition; their hands and legs have become emanciated due to infantile~paralysis and their stomachs have protruded due to ~icky food given to them. Malnutrition is due to lack of protein, and the lack of protein is the cause of the At~hort~ span of life of 40 years on the avera~e in the under-developed countries, which is
too short if with 70 years in ~ 4~
What has science been doing to help supply sufficient food to the existing population and what is it going to do to prevent starvation from the population of 6,000 million in the year 2000. While science is exploring the space the world peoples are dying of sta~ation. While millions of babies are undergoing agonies of malnutrition and diseases, the developed countries of science and technology have wasted thousands ofmillion in pound in competition with one anot~er for proliferation of world destroying nuclear weapons. The world will be confronted with the 6,000- million-population problem in about 30 years from now. v~hat is most important for us is ability t(~ produce food sufficient for the coming world population of 2,(}0O ~ million in the year 2000. What we are required to do for the benefit of the entire mankind is to have an inteinational agreement for getting food supply from the deep sea water and oceans. We must see that this intenational agreement is designed not for the economic development of
individual countriess but for the common welfare of all the
nations of the world.
AlTangements have been made, it is learnt to tuin the world
fishing industry into a improve’food production and nutritive
essence.Th~~~1 help
To improve the world’s food production it is not necessary to implement new expensive projects.The Sahara and other expensive new projects in the desert regions for cukivatio~~ food crop with water from irrigation canals are not necessary before the existing arable lands are all put on cukivation. Food products and livestocks p’roduced from the costly projects are not very cheap and consumers of the low income brackets will not be a~e to ~fford
costly food.
The following are four points to ensure regular supply of food which is most beneficial, economical, nutritious at the same tune and contain the steadily increasing population of the world; (1) protectionagainst pest,insects and mushrooming ofwild grasses and plants; (2) Rain of any other kind ofwater supply; (3) and (4) Increased meat supply from farm cattle of other livestocks and the beat possible utilization of agricultural lands. Now, let us see what the science is doing to flilfil these four points 9
It is true that food cuftivation is growing in popularity all over the woi4d now-a-days. But the rich and fertile agricuftur~ lands in the thickly populatded cities of Europe in general and Britain in particular are now filled ~th ~ residential buildings due to
the increase of mills and factories.
It is encouraging to learn that a new method of good growing without the use of earth soil, which is called’ hydroponic’ in Greek meaning “work by water” which has been tried out in India and ~ahara is proving quite a success. It is not, however, very easy to grow food crops with water alone and without the use of earth soil. Some of the farmers have now adopted hydroponic
farming (oil chemical water cuftivation) for growing wheat, rice a corn on shelves. A shelf is made of iron rods and bars, six ~e~tin~eight and eight square feet in diameter. It contains six storeys and produpes 200 lb~rops daily to feed 20 head of cattle of 100 p~gs for a period of one year. Cattle fodder grown with chemical water is rich with nutritive essence a~d less expensive.
India will have a population of 500,000,000 in 20 years’ time from now, and if no steps are taken to improve its billion acres of new lands and if no steps are taken to improve its billion acres of new lands and produce more, there is little hope for the fliture population pf India to enjoy sufficient amount of food.
Now that India has introduced the new method of hydroponic farming wjh chemical watel; it will be able to overcome the problem oftood shortage almost every year. There are nowvery good prospects
tiontofed the growing poj,ul~fth for increased food world aufficiently}o’~ food’ ~ in the regions of the wo~~£w~e t~nature(climate) is not always favourable to living creatures
including man.
Weather Forecast and control.
We notice that in human affairs weather is a dominating factor. In England a rough weather in winter causes blockade of rail, road and au~Lransport disrupting building construction programmae and commumcation in the villages. In a hot summer shorta~ge of water causes widespread diseases. Weather used to give us trouble in connection with the world’s food supply Heavy rains cause damages to foo d~opsin some regions and shortage of rains destroy food J’ngsmorner;[eg1ons.The most important problem for food growers is to have suit( weather at a suitable time for them to grow food
for the growing population of the world.
Meteorologists believe that there is a certain kind of chemicals that generates rains. One of the most effective chemicals to generate rains from vap ours in rain clouds is silver iodide This chemical has a special element to gether around it bits of ice. the other chemical is carbondineoxide which is also called
dry ice. It cools vapour much better thai}~~4odide does.
It is really encouraging that meteorogists are now giving more and more attention to control ofweather so that adequate water supply
is available for food growing.
In 1960 there was a long drought in one of the hot and dry sports in westerm Australia when a plane load of technicians from the Australian science& Technology were sent to make rains from clouds with no 1 . A sim~ilar action was taken in 1961 when there were acute shortages of rain California and other Pacific coasts of
the U.S.
In some desert regions there are no rain clouds from which we could get rains; but there is saft water from the sea. ffwe cook or boil this saft water we get good clean water for man to drink and to use for growing food. But this experiment is very costly, so science is now adopting a new techique of low cost. Saft water is drawn through a pipe line into trays-kept inside a structure which looks like a be~~ hive with metal walls. The sun burns this be~hive th~ whole day so that the water in the trays gets heated
and becomes vapour free from salt.
Sometimes food growers have heavy rains, too heavy for their crops to grow properly. This usually happens at harvest time. Farmers
over the world are now very glad to hear that scientists are now able to stop rain where and when it is not wanted. Experiments on
this made in many countries are proving a success.
In Norway heavy rains from the moving clouds overthe hills caused e~ensive damages along the coastal areas.Experiments on how to reduce rainfall have been made for many years. The best thing is to generate rains from the clouds while the latter are still over
the hills.
The first artificial dew was made in 1948in the laboratory of American Prof mcent Shephard the professors dew making machine looks like a nice box for storage and display of various articles of food that are likely to become frigid quickly as curds. This shows that man is now in a position to make artificial dews.
Following this experiment the Agricuftural Department of the Govrment of the USA introduced a techinque to bring down dew clouds before moving awya to fall down as rainns on a certain farm land. The repeated experiments of this kind in C~ada and the USA are the indication that it is now possible to prevent undersirable snow-
storms from becomeing dangerous weather in the near future.
In any case, the scientists have also discovered a much more better and less expensive technique to protect plants and fruits from the danger ofdews without requfring chemical acid~s required for this purpose is a helicoptor. This technique tried out for the first time in California by orange planters is~aid to have proved
a success.
In England helicoptors are used freely to minimise extensive damages to cherry plantations b~eavy rains. Cherry planters ~ use helicoptors to fly low over their cherry gardens so that that rains are driven away by the wind from the cherry plantations.
It will be seen, therefore, that with the gradual appearance, one after another, ofnew tedhniques the problem ofweather forecast and control has become a pure scientific subject. Definite weather forecasts are now obtained from the date collected from the upper atmosphere and other distant places of the world. As a matter of fact, we have now known that we are living several miles deep down the bottom of the air-ocean and that the weather on the surface of
the Qertli depends upon the changes in the upper atmosphere.
The entire subject of weather forecast has been revolutionized with the introduction of a mete~ological device called Radio Sundi invented by a Frenchman. It has a bailx~~attached to weather ~marking in~ruments~While the ball is moving in the atmosphere Its weather marking instruments take note of the thermometer, air pressure changes, etc, and the radio transmitter sends automatic
signals to the Meteorological Department on earth.
In 1961 the US Government in~eda department ofMeteorological Survey Satellites to check up weather forecast data recorded with meteorlogical devices carried aboard a satellite orbiting around
the earth.
The first satellite “Tyrod” set offto the earth orbit in 1961 to take photographs of ~oudy sky. These potographs were sent to the Weather forecast &Control Dept.,on earth, for drawing maps of
cloud formations.
Dat~ reports sent back to earth are very useflil for tracing
torms. In 1961 the Tyrod Satellite found out the direction taken by Hurricans Istha and made a report in time as a resuft of which
mages caused by the hurricane were very slight. The same satellite was able to report about 20 storms and cyclones, big and small, within six months, in the pacific and Atlantic oceans in the
summer.
Thus meterologi~s used to receive most valuable information about the upper layer of atmosphere from the meteorological survey satellites. They have also received information about the nature and widespread formations of dews and ice, about the ~ variety of
storms, etc.
The other important information received from the satellite broadcast is about are formation of masses of ice and icebergs floating in the seas. Satellite broadcast reports about floating icebergs and masses of ice are most invaluable for ships going across the North
Atlantic. It has ~ phen~menaI world to provide oil, coal, timber, minerals, metals and other raw materials our civilization is ever dependent upon. Nature has for countless number of years produced mineral products enough for our daily use. There still remains in the earth an a bundant s~pply of fliels and minerals we are using incressingly day by day using increasingly day
by day has need.
Since the beginning of the 19th century man minerals in hugh quantities unbeard of in the annals of the human history. It is true that coal, oil and other minerals are still available from our earth, but it is not proper for man to use up all the res~s in one day as it has taken a number of aeons for Nature to make these
resources available for man. Givilized man’s desire for raw material will never cease. Due to the shortage of raw matei~~~als all over the world, the preces have gone very high. The cost of production and transport has also 15~metreendous. There is, however a variety of raw materials to be found along the sea coasts and islands of the world’s countinents, we can find them in a large qu~~ several thousand times larger than those we have found in the dried lands of the world. The sea is rich with raw materials. It is a large treasure house of man from which he can get what
he needs for the present as well as for the future.
If we talk about the riches of the sea most of the people only think of fishing; they do not know that sea is rich more with minerals than with fish.The other thing that you may remember when talking about the sea is saft. You are sure to get saft if you boil sea water. But, if you diagnose saft you will find that it consists of all kinds of elemants found on earth. Let us now see what the sea wather comprises:-60 cubic inch of sea water contains 1 cubic inch of gas;2/3 of this gas is oxygen;2/3 ofit is nitrogen; 1/50 is carbondioxide. The entire compound of all these g~s~s is
nothing but the air we are breathing.
But, what is most important for us to know is the contents or the
sea water. That these contents are most useflil will be proved by man one day. Please see the table below which shows a few of the
ingridients of the sea water:
Soild
Salt (Ordinary) 27.2 77
Magnesium Chloride 3.8 10
Magnesium Sulphate 1.6 4
Gypsum (calcium sulphate 1.2 3
Potassium sulphate 0.8 2
Magnesium bromide 0.06 2
Chalk (calcium carbonate) 0.02 2
Besides all the aboved, nickel, lead, iron, sinc, copper, cobalt, magnese and all other known chemical and metals are found. This is not to be wondered at if you remember that thousands of rivers have eroded all the pieces of land they came scross and carried
them away to the sea.
Ifyou get sea water boild and dried you will have gold at the t~tte of one dust of gold for every 200,000 dusts of saft. Roughly speaking, we get half a ponny worth of gold from a ton (or one cubic yard) of sea wattier This must be a real gold mine like one ofthose in bouth Afric~. The same ratio of output is expected in
the case of other minerals from sea water.
Of course, half a penny worth of gold or any other metals or iron is not very much important, but what you think of it when we get about 200,000 worth ofgold from 60,000 tons (or one cubic mile) of
sea water all over the world.
Gold is a rare metal, much more enchanting than other precious articles ofpropeity. if the gold supply from the lend ceases, we
still can get it from the sea.
It may be noted that every cubic mile of sea water contains the
following together with other chemicals and metals.:-
Salt 117000,000 tons.
Bromide 285,000 tons.
Magnesium 5,920,000 tons.
Iodine 192 tons
Iron 8,500 tons
Strontium 6,000 tons
Potassium 4 tons
Silver 100 tons
Copper 600 tons
Every cubic mile of sea water contams saft and che~solid chemicals worth about 2000 millions ‘therefore the total value of the sea warter pro~ts all over the world will come to 720, 000,000,000,000,000. The technicians of the chemistry have already extracted from the oceans of the world several kinds of chemical products invisible to the maked eye; but to extract more of these and other sea pro~ucts trom the bottom of the ocean or sea more efficiency and skill are required. Several tons of oil and charcoal are required to get boiled and dried one subic mile of sea water (or 60,000 million tons of sea water). We are sure that all the available oil and charcoal of the entire world will be consumed in getting even a little portion of water from the oceans. The best possible solution in this matter is nuclear energy which is the only practical substitute for oil and charcoaL
So far we have not touched the great treasure house of the sea, except a few ofits products. In any case, the succesaflil exi4ction of magnessium indicates that scientific exploration of the sea will prove a sound economy. One cubic mile of sea water contains 4 million tons ofmagnessium. Ill about 1930 magnessium was in
demand in the world markets as it was very useflil in building
aircraft body and in making space weaponary.
To-day the US is one of the few countries producing raw materials from the sea water. It has four fectories at. Texes using sea water as raw materials. The only other place which produces solid mass of minerals from sea water is the Dead sea which is 340 square miles in area and 1300 feet deep at the most and rich with saft and other minerals. A recent official test shows that the sea water ofDead sea contains 22,000,000,000 tons of megnesium
chloride, 11,000,000,000 tons of sodium chloride, 6, 000,000,000 tons ofcalcium chloride, 2,000,000,000 tons poteasium chloride
and 980,000,000 tons of magnesium bromide.
Of all the raw materials available from the ocean for the
present magnesium bromide and saft are the only two that could fetch some sort of profit; the remainlng are obtainable at~’overhead
expen~ from the lands.
From the econonmic point of view, mainesinm oxide is the best possible mineral are lying at the bottom of the sea. A solid mass of magnese consists of magnedine oxide 32~iron oxide, 22(~~ silicondine oxide 19%, a little of alluminium oxide, magnesium, calcium, carbonade and a lesser amount of coboft, copper, i~Mi·jnickel, zine, etc. The place where magnesium is found in proflision, together with the other minceals in lesser quantities, as described above, is 500 miles from the North and Sout~ American coasts and 2,000,000 square miles in area. The pac~~th-East is rich with copper and nickel. ft has an area of 14,000,000 square miles. The middle of the pacific is rich with cobolt and
magness.
Apart from the ~h~micals and mineral ores contained in the solid masses of magness, the red mud covering an area of about 40,000,000 square miles at the bottom of the ocean is also rich with chemicals and minerals. A chemical test of this mud shows that it contains silicon 50%, alluminium oxide 20%,iron oxide 13%, calcium carbonade 7%, and nickel, copper, v~n~~~um and coboft. Al-though the copper content ofthe ~nly 2%, it is ten times more than the percentage of the copper content ofthe earth on the land. ft is supposed that the red mud coverage is about 300 feet in thickness. ffwe could extract these raw umaterials at less expense and use them at the present rate of world’s consumption, they would
last about 1,000,000 years.
The other treasure house at the bottom of the ocean bed is a muddy swamp containing silicon, which is about 11,000,000 square miles
in area at the bottom of the pacific Ocean.
There are iron dusts and nic1{~~ ~ raw materials lying scattered in the muddy swamps all along the world’s ~ ocean floors for
several million years by now.
Another valuable treasure of the ocean is phosph~ ate which contains 35% of phosphorus pentoxide which is used in the
of fertilizer.
If we have time and opportunity in the near fliture to extract chemical and mineral ores from the sea water or from the bottom of the ocean the required power supply for the entire world within the 5000 million years from the Mediterranean Sea. From one day’s flowextr~~gh of water from Thames River we can power to run every mill, every factory and every vehicle, every;da)thout
interruption for a period of at least ten years.
It is not wisliflil thinking. Britain has already int~uced small projects to produce power from sea wa ch contains atomic particle~ and hydrogen. An ordinary hydrogen is quite different from drutiriu~ which contains a large amount ?~ hydrogen dr~iirium has a proton with a nucleus and an additi~al neutron. Diutirium is plentiflil; it almost aways appears on the mass of sea water. One gramme of it
can be extracted as gas from five gallon of water.
If the great project to produce energy from diut~~proves a ~uccess, we can rest assured that unii~ted amount of power will be ~ to every person very cheaply Every household will have
sufficient smount of heat for the whole winter from the diut~rium
energy contained in a cup of sea water in addition to cooking of
food for the whole year.
The world’s drut~rium output will never be exhausted, because every drop of sea water contains this element. The amout of
drutirium energy contained in 1000 gallons of crude oil is
contained _ gallon sea The ~Othe~m one of water.Energy is that the fii~i~fti~of it d~t~um~~energy) does ~~not ~ ~ to the very om heavy ~ ~ ~e hold~o~od le Let us now look to the our enough there of diseurron ievipanaua meditation.]}magga,phala and Nibbana
and show you how to realize Nirodha Sacca (i.e. cessation of craving and extinction of suffering of all kinds), or how to orientate our mind to Nibbana by developing vipassana Nana
(Insight Knowledge.)
I think I have already referred previously in these columus to
the foundation of Mindfiiiness of the Maha Satipatthana
Sutta for development of Vipassana Nana because, as we all know, Buddha himself has given the promise in unmistakable that a bhikkhu, who practises the fourfold foundation of Mindfulness with a
thorough understanding of the dynamic process of nature for a week at least or for seven years the most, will become a fully
enlightened Arahat (saint) here and now or an Anagami (Once
Returner) if he cannot totally destroy the powerful force of Upadana (Clinging orbinds circle grasping) which is the main~~~in~t tt~A’attt {‘L1~ ~ of sucessive births and deaths, known as Samsara.
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